Canada Past and Present: A Citizenship Education Guide

HOW CANADA’S GOVERNMENT WORKS WORKSHEET Use this worksheet to complete Activity 17: How Canada’s Government Works , in the section ‘Government’ of Canada Past and Present: A Citizenship Education Guide . Key terms and definitions: Constitution: The Constitution is the supreme law of Canada but is not one single document. The Constitution Act, 1867 , described the structure and responsibilities of government, but many responsibilities remained with the British government. With the passing of the Constitution Act, 1982 , Canada gained full control of its Constitution, which is known as ‘patriation’ of the Constitution. The 1982 Act also contained the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which you have already learned about. Parliament: The legislative branch of government in Canada, which at the federal level is the House of Commons and the Senate. This is the part of government that makes the laws in Canada. Governor General: The British Crown’s representative in Canada. The governor general performs the tasks of the Crown in Canada. Lieutenant-Governor: The Crown’s representative in each province, appointed by the governor general on the prime minister’s advice. House of Commons: During elections, Canadians elect representatives. These representatives hold seats in the House of Commons. They are known as Members of Parliament (MPs). The House of Commons is the centre of political power in Canada. Senate and Senators: Another part of the legislative (law-making) branch is the Senate, which examines bills passed by the House of Commons, debate issues of the day, and can propose legislation. House of Commons bills must pass a vote in the Senate before they become laws. Majority Government: After an election, if the winning party that forms government has at least 50% + 1 of the seats in the House of Commons, they have a majority. This means that they have the potential to win every vote because they have more seats than the other parties. Minority Government: After an election, if a party has less than 50% of the seats in the House of Commons, but they still have more seats than the next largest party, they form a minority government. This means it might be difficult to win votes since they don’t outnumber other parties. In the case of a minority government, if the other parties unite against them, the minority government could be defeated in a vote. Canada is a parliamentary democracy, which means that Canadians elect the politicians who will represent them in parliament (government) and make laws and decisions on their behalf. Canadians elect parliaments in every federal election, and assemblies every provincial election, as well as in the Yukon territory. During elections, Canadians vote for a candidate from their area that they want to represent them in parliament, called Members of Parliament, or MPs, who represent the people of their district, or riding. A riding is also known as a constituency. Nunavut and the Northwest Territories have what are called Consensus Governments, which means that Members of the Legislative Assembly are elected as independents and aren’t affiliated with parties. At the federal level, parliamentary representatives sit in the House of Commons. The representatives often belong to political parties, which are organizations that have different policies and visions. The party that has the most seats in Parliament forms the government. The leader of the party that forms the government becomes the prime minister in a federal election, or the premier in a provincial election. The other parties are known as ‘opposition parties’ and they review and improve laws as well as hold the government accountable. 28.