SECTION 6: Indigenous Voting Rights within the Canadian State While Status Indian veterans of the First and Second World Wars had won the right to vote, most First Nations across Canada were still barred. The Indian Act of 1876, and subsequent amendments, put strict conditions on First Nations voting rights. The Act tied voting rights closely with status and treaty rights in an effort to assimilate Status Indians into Euro-Canadian culture. In 1948, a Special Joint Committee on the Indian Act produced a final report after three years of hearings, which recommended that Status Indians be allowed to vote in federal elections. Apprehensive politicians worried how Status Indian voting could affect electoral bases and that they might lose votes as a result. Status Indians did not win the federal franchise until 1960, when they were finally allowed to vote without having to give up status or treaty rights. Prime Minister John Diefenbaker championed the Canadian Bill of Rights, which emphasized equal rights for all, and in 1960 his government amended the Canada Elections Act to repeal the restrictions on the federal vote for Status Indians. Provincially, unconditional Status Indian voting rights were won starting in 1949 (British Columbia), but were not achieved in all provinces until 1969 (Quebec). In 1951, amendments to the Indian Act gave Status Indian women the right to vote in band council elections. In the 1960s, First Nations succeeded in having the Indian agent position eliminated due to the growing movement towards Indigenous rights recognition and self-determination. Inuit were formally disqualified from voting with the 1934 Dominion Franchise Act. They won citizenship rights and the right to vote federally in 1950 as part of a government strategy to claim Arctic sovereignty during the Cold War. However, having the right to vote did not necessarily mean having access to voting. Because many Inuit lived in remote or isolated communities, many could not cast a ballot until 1962, when ballot boxes were placed in more Inuit communities and became more widely accessible. Although Métis were not formally restricted from voting, for many, poverty and prejudice restricted their access to voting. For more information about the Indigenous fight for the right to vote, check out the Indigenous Suffrage Timeline on The Canadian Encyclopedia. Self-Government In the 20th and 21st centuries, Indigenous groups in Canada have negotiated for self government agreements, a formal structure through which Indigenous communities can regain control of the administration of their people, land, resources, and related programs and policies. This has been done through agreements with federal and provincial governments. While these agreements allow for Indigenous groups to use their own systems of governance, at their core they take the form of Western-style democracies, aligning with modernday provincial, territorial, and federal systems of democracy in Canada. Read more about Indigenous Self-Government in Canada. Elections in the North (courtesy Elections Canada). Voters in Six Nations of the Grand River, ca. 1954-1960 (courtesy James Harding/Library and Archives Canada/Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development fonds/ e011308110). 13. FIRST NATIONS WIN THE RIGHT TO VOTE PROVINCIALLY
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